Convoy HX 72

Convoy
Part of World War II
Date 20-22 September 1940
Location Western Approaches
Result German victory
Belligerents
Germany United Kingdom
Commanders and leaders
Admiral Karl Dönitz Comm : HH Rogers
Escort :Cdr AM Knapp
Strength
8 U-Boats 43 ships
5 escorts
Casualties and losses
none 11 ships sunk (72,727 GRT) and 3 ships damaged (18,178 GRT).

HX 72 was a North Atlantic convoy of the HX series which ran during the battle of the Atlantic in World War II.

Contents

Background

HX 72 was an east-bound convoy of 43 ships which sailed from Halifax on 9 September 1940 bound for Liverpool and carrying war materials.

The convoy, made up of contingents from Halifax, Sydney and Bermuda was led by Commodore HH Rogers RNR in Tregarthen.

Escorts at this stage of the campaign were generally meagre; convoys generally were unescorted, or had just an Armed Merchant Cruiser as protection against surface raiders until reaching the Western Approaches. HX 72's ocean escort was the AMC Jervis Bay, though at sunset on 20 September Jervis Bay detached to meet a west-bound convoy. HX 72 wasn’t due to meet the Western Approaches escort until the afternoon of 21st, so HX 72 was unprotected when it was sighted at last light by Prien of U-47.

The U boat Arm ((UBW) was also sparse, able to maintain only a few boats at any one time in the North Atlantic, operating at the edge of the Western Approaches to intercept convoys before their escort had joined. U 47 was on weather duty, her armament depleted after an attack on SC 2 earlier that month, and was able only to report contact.

After reporting the convoy Prien shadowed the convoy, while U-boat Control (BdU) summoned all available U-boats. During night and following day a pack of 6 boats was gathered, U-99 and U-65, which were nearby, and others en route from Germany.

Action

Kretschmer, in U-99 made contact around midnight of 20/21 September and attacked, hitting Invershannon. Rogers ordered a turn to port to try and shake off the attack, but this failed; U-99 attacked again, hitting Baron Blythswood (which sank) and Elmbank (which was disabled). U-99 and U-47 then attacked Elmbank with gunfire, but she did not sink until morning, at which point U-99 left the scene to return to Lorient.

U-48 arrived before dawn, and sank Blairangus, which was straggling. Rogers dropped smoke and turned again, to try and shake off his pursuers, but failed once more; U-47 and U-48 continued to shadow throughout the daylight on the 21st.

During 21 September Prien and Bleichrodt were joined by 4 other boats, U-65, U-38, U-43 and U-32, while U-100 arrived at nightfall.

However that afternoon the Western Approaches escort also arrived, causing the U boats to draw back. At this stage, escorts usually arrived piecemeal, but by evening 5 warships had arrived, sloop Lowestoft, destroyer Shikari and 3 corvettes, Calendula, Heartsease and La Malouine.

At nightfall on 21/22 September U-100 struck, entering the convoy to attack at close range. Attacking before moonrise Schepke hit three ships within minutes, causing confusion. Canonesa, Torinia and Dalcairn were sunk, and the convoy began to scatter in confusion. The escort sought to retaliate, but searched outside the convoy perimeter, where the rest of the pack was gathered; they were unable to find Schepke, but were able to frustrate further attacks. U-48 hit Broompark, which was damaged, but no other boat was successful. Just after midnight U-100 struck again, sinking 3 more ships, Empire Airman, Scholar, and Frederick S Fales. She also attacked Harlingen, but was spotted; Harlingen avoided the torpedoes aimed at her, and returned fire with her stern gun, scoring several hits, but causing little damage.

As the convoy broke up, two more ships were hit; U-100 sank Simla, while U-32 damaged Collegian.

This was the end of the action; HX 72 was scattered, but the U–boats were unable to pursue, as the presence of the escorts had forced them to submerge.

The remaining ships of HX 72 proceeded independently, while the escorts tried to gather the convoy back together, but no further attacks took place and all remaining ships reached port safely.

Conclusion

HX 72 had lost 11 ships of 72,727 gross register tons, of which Kretschmer sank three and Schepke seven ships. Whilst undoubtedly a victory, and a vindication of Donitz’s wolfpack tactic, most of the UBW's successes were achieved by two of its aces using their high-risk tactic of penetrating the convoy to attack from within. The other boats following the more traditional approach from the flank, and at longer range, were far less successful.

Table

Allied ships sunk

Date Name Nationality Casualties Tonnage
(GRT)		 Sunk by…
20/21 Sept Invershannon British 16 9,154 U-99
20/21 Sept Baron Blythswood British 34 3,668 U-99
21 Sept Elmbank British 1 5,156 U-99, U-47
21 Sept Blairangus British 7 4,409 U-48
21/22 Sept Canonesa British 1 8,286 U-100
21/22 Sept Torinia British 5 10,364 U-100
21/22 Sept Dalcairn British none 4,608 U-100
21/22 Sept Empire Airman British 33 6,586 U-100
21/22 Sept Scholar British none 3,940 U-100
21/22 Sept Frederick S. Fales British 11 10,525 U-100
22 Sept Simla Norwegian 5 6,031 U-100

External links

References